Which of the following is considered a secondary risk factor for coronary heart diseases?

High very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol is considered a secondary risk factor for coronary heart disease. VLDL is a type of lipoprotein that carries triglycerides in the blood and is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases due to its role in the development of atherosclerosis. Elevated VLDL levels can contribute to the buildup of plaque in the arteries, leading to blockages and increasing the likelihood of heart issues.

In the context of coronary heart disease risk factors, primary risk factors usually include those that have a strong and direct correlation, such as high cholesterol levels, diabetes, and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. While these can independently elevate the risk of coronary heart disease, VLDL is classified more as a secondary risk factor because its association with heart disease is often considered in conjunction with levels of triglycerides and other risk factors rather than alone.

Therefore, recognizing VLDL as a secondary risk factor helps clarify the multifactorial nature of heart disease risk assessments, allowing for a more comprehensive approach to prevention and treatment.